Monday, December 18, 2006

Fire Management: European versus Indigenous

What impact have Europeans had on the Australian environment?

Australia has been settled now for over 200 years, during which time the environment has changed in many ways, particularly its flora and fauna. There are of course many reasons for this, but a major one, and one rarely mentioned, is fire management, or at least indigenous fire management.

Most people think a fire is a fire is a fire, full stop, but this is not the case, as I hope to illustrate. Europeans use fire very differently from Indigenous People, their entire attitude toward it is different. In fact, as different as their cultures.

Europeans are sedentary farmers, they use fire to clear land and reduce the danger of being burnt out. Native vegetation to most farmers (even today) is a damn nuisance, something you have to clear before you can sow a crop or graze livestock and so make an income.

Now compare the above with the Australian Aborigine; they were nomadic and hunter-gatherers. Some people say they burnt the land to open it up and to provide green pick for kangaroos and other game. However, this is a very simplistic European view! Where there was a need to burn (not everywhere in Australia was traditionally burnt), aborigines were 'looking after country.' They knew that without a periodic burn, their country would die and so would they!

Aborigines were the original ecologists; they understood the value of various flora and fauna and the interdependency of one upon another. They understood that many plant species need a fire to clear the larger dominant vegetation and permit smaller plants and the animals that existed upon them to have their day. By contrast, today with little to no burning, many of these small species are becoming extremely rare and their pollinators gradually going extinct.

In my surveys, I have encountered plant species presumed extinct (not seen for over 50 years), occurring in their millions a season after a bushfire has passed through. The landscape had been transformed once the dominating larger species had been temporarily removed (they regenerate from rootstock and/or seed, but this takes a few years before they can again dominate the environment) and replaced by a completely new suite of plants

This enrichment of the environment provided the aborigines with a more diverse range of food in both flora and fauna, plus it encouraged the growth of medicinal and narcotic plants. It also provided improved habitat for kangaroos and opened up the country for them, but these were only part of the equation, not all by a very long way. It was as I have said, 'looking after country.'

So straight away it can be seen there is a very different attitude towards native species. For one a damn nuisance and the other their livelihood and prosperity.

Different types of Fire Management

European

Both these photos were of an uncontrolled bushfire in an area that had not been burnt for over 30 years. Fuel loads were excessively high and the flames fanned by strong winds.


Europeans even today, want the bush to do its own thing with minimum input from them. So what is common practice regarding fire management, the answer; nothing! You just leave it be, with the result the smaller species are replaced by the larger, which in turn mature and gradually die. There is very little new growth and what there is, is usually rank and worthless for wildlife. The vigour and vitality of larger plant species is reduced to the tips of branches, providing sustenance for only a few birds and insects. The diversity is consequently greatly reduced of both flora and fauna and this remnant of native vegetation is now only good for providing a hiding place for a few hardy species.


So you now have a largely unproductive area, where fuel loads are excessively high and just waiting for a spark. Whether that spark comes from lightning, campfire or a controlled burn, the outcome is usually the same. Total burnout! Excessive fuel loads mean the fire will be large and hot, this will often kill any large trees within the fire zone. It also means the regrowth is mostly the same age, but thanks to the seedbank contained in the soil, it will initially produce most of the vegetation indigenous to that area, however because of the time lapse between flowerings, the insects, mammals and other animals necessary for pollination and reproduction are often no longer there.


The animals that do survive the intense heat of these fires, are then faced by the lack of food in the aftermath, therefore the most likely survivors are those that could out-fly the flames, out-run the flames, or find a deep hole in which to crawl and hope the fire did not draw out all the oxygen. Consequently, these intense fires are devastating for the wildlife, with few survivors.


The aftermath of the fire, not a green leaf remained and even the sandy soil baked hard.

The fire that burnt these Grasstrees was so hot and prolonged, that the resin which binds the trunk together melted and flowed freely.

So with European Fire Management, there is a gradual downward spiral of biodiversity, first the fauna from lack of access to the vegetation they need, and secondly, diminishing flora, as species are no longer pollinated and consequently produce little or no seed and perish after gradually exhausting the soil seedbank.

Aboriginal Fire Management


Most aboriginal clans set aside a period each year for the purpose of 'looking after country.' These periods (around 4-6 weeks) are named and as such mean more to the people than something they ought to do. But something they must do! It was part of their spiritual and cultural lives. This fire season period differed between peoples and was dependent on factors such as vegetation type and naturally occurring climatic conditions that would aid fire control and/or successful regeneration. In central Australia (Spinifex country), burning was a more casual affair and would take place throughout the year and often used to signal other groups. However most burning off was done in anticipation of rain.


In rainforest areas there was no organised burning activity, for a start there was little need because dead vegetation would soon be recycled by micro-organisms in the damp humid environment, therefore there was less of a problem from high combustible fuel loads. These naturally damp conditions and the less combustible plants in rainforests would also reduce and extinguish fire. However, neighbouring areas of savanna, dry woodland and heath would have been burnt by indigenous people and in the prescribed manner.


So what is different? Simply everything! Let us take an area of fire prone bushland. The European would burn it all in one go, leaving it to revegetate as a largely single aged ecosystem. Then after say 20 or so years, the local fire brigade (may) burn it again, creating yet another single aged flora cover.


The aborigine faced with the same bushland in the same condition would through necessity also burn it and due to high fuel loads, it too would burn completely. But methods change from there on. The following year they would return to burn more of it, but unless there was dry annual grass, nothing would! But in the second year after the fire, patches would burn, these would mainly be short-lived plant species that have died, dried out and become easily combustible, however their fires would be small and not travel far. Bear in mind the aborigine used fire sticks to light their fires, not the European mixture of Kerosene and Methylated Spirits that literally drip fire. So their method in comparison was less efficient and getting plants to ignite and to stay alight would have been more difficult and consequently this too would aid the gradual development of burnt and unburnt vegetation.


In the third year there would much more vegetation that would ignite and the flames would slowly run. These fires travel slowly on a light breeze, but seldom spread sideways unless a pocket of more inflammable material is encountered, so the area of bushland begins to be broken up into interconnecting strips of burnt vegetation and many islands of unburnt vegetation.


The fourth year the vegetation will burn even more strongly, but it is stopped by the interconnecting strips of vegetation that was burnt in the previous two years. At this stage, the areas of burnt, partially burnt and regenerating vegetation is becoming quite complex and unless the aborigines went to a great deal of trouble and visited every unburnt island, the larger area would now not burn. So in the fifth year some pockets of 5 year old vegetation, plus bits of other neighbouring aged will also be burnt, but still many islands, both large and small remain where slower growing plant species can grow to maturity, flower, seed and reproduce.


So a highly complex web of different aged vegetation begins working together, not only to protect themselves against bushfire, but also permitting all plant species to exploit their different requirement. This in turn will attract a greater diversity of animals, who can also seek protection from predators in the denser unburnt sections, plus have a good chance of escaping any fires.


The big difference is not in High-Tech equipment, nor in the planning, but it is in the dedication of a regular fire management practice, plus an interest in the long-term health of the ecosystem. The thing I think is of greatest interest, is with this simple annual fire-stick practice, the system becomes increasingly easier to control and manage. The danger of wildfire is greatly reduced, but biodiversity is greatly increased. If we are inclined, we can still learn from the aborigine of how to manage this land, because they did have a win, win situation when looking after country!

These orchids are examples of small plants that are advantaged by Aboriginal Fire Management.


I have through necessity had to simplify this post, with the consequence that many factors have been omitted. So if anyone has questions, please ask in the comments section below and I shall try to answer them.

6 comments:

Anonymous said...

Bracken areas are different for fire management? We have considered using slashing, as the diversity is good along the slashed walking tracks and fire is not an option, being sandwiched by bluegum plantations.

WA said...

Hi buffy, bracken will not respond very well to any form of fire management. The problem is it will not be killed by fire and regrows with vigour soon after. Even without a fire, bracken is very weed-like and will eventually take over all suitable habitat.

Some people say that it will die of its own accord if not burnt for 40 years. Where that idea came from I have no idea, but even if it were true, everything that ever grew there would be long dead. So not really an option, plus a very long time to test the concept.

Bracken I suspect has prospered since populations of small mammals have been removed. Several animals from wallabies to bandicoots would eat the young bracken shoots and/or the roots. This would have kept the bracken under control and restricted its spread. Now these animals are no longer there, there is no natural means of controlling it.

The best way I discovered was a combination of spraying and slashing. The slasher should be operated as slowly as possible and use blunt blades, also hold the slasher several inches off the ground. This is important because you don't want to cut the stems, but to pull them out, roots and all. Having the slasher higher will also give wanted flora some slasher protection.

The above will help you gain control of bracken, but I doubt if you will ever get rid of it completely. But once control has been gained and other plant species return, then you can use the fire management practises as described to good effect.

Anonymous said...

40 years? The block in question of ours had not burnt since 1943 - so it was well over the 40 years when it burnt in January 2005. And the bracken was pretty strong. So it looks like some slashing is in order.

Anonymous said...

>>>It also means the regrowth is mostly the same age, but thanks to the seedbank contained in the soil, it will initially produce most of the vegetation indigenous to that area, however because of the time lapse between flowerings, the insects, mammals and other animals necessary for pollination and reproduction are often no longer there.<<<

Jack, this is obviously a complex topic and you have explained it well. I found it valuable and enlightening. I had no previous insight into the systematic burns that the Aborigines carried out pre-European settlement, and had wrongly presumed it was mostly random to flush out wildlife.

Also, it is now easier to understand how the biota is drastically altered by Australia's current wildfires.

My personal belief concerning current bush management practices is that the government of the day schemes to score political points by declaring more and more bushland national parks, but then does not provide the money, personell or expertise to properly manage this land.

Thank you for your very informed blog entries.

hv

Anonymous said...

>>>Europeans are sedentary farmers, they use fire to clear land and reduce the danger of being burnt out. Native vegetation to most farmers (even today) is a damn nuisance, something you have to clear before you can sow a crop or graze livestock and so make an income.<<<

This is very evident in my area, the Hunter Valley of NSW.

The land has been cleared almost exclusively to provide open land for farming. There are large stretches of land where hardly a tree has been left standing, and certainly no undergrowth remains.

Although coal mining companies have dug up massive amounts of ground, this has primarily been ex-grazing land that had been ruthlessly cleared by farmers.

One consolation is that once a minesite has finished producing (and on an ongoing process during production), it is planted extensively. Thus, the Hunter Valley might one day have some native vegetation that it hasn't seen for more than a century.

hv

WA said...

Hi huntervalley,

Many thanks for your positive comments. I suspect the vast majority of Australians do not appreciate the dynamics of bush ecology and the devastating effect we as new arrivals have had upon it.

Jack